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\n\nThe bird fauna of heathlands are usually cosmopolitan species of the region. In the depauperate heathlands of Europe, bird species tend to be more characteristic of the community, and include Montagu's harrier and the tree pipit. The birds of the South African fynbos include sunbirds, warblers and siskins. Heathlands are also an excellent habitat for insects including ants, moths, butterflies and wasps; many species are restricted entirely to it. One such example of an organism restricted to heathland is the silver-studded blue butterfly, Plebejus argus. Places with ridge and heath vegetation are preferred foraging habitats. However, heath species are not physiologically adapted to occasional drought in terms of hydraulic conductance. These results indicate that humus depth has a larger effect in determining local spatial distribution of tree species in heath forests than relative elevation. So far, there exist several studies on the relationship between species spatial distributi\n
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